I use vim on Linux and Windows. Strangely, on Linux (Ubuntu), when I write C/C++ code, vim would search the included file for auto-completion (Ctrl-P), even if I don't add anything related in my .vimrc. But on Windows, it doesn't behave that way. I have tried to add set path+=$INCLUDE in my _vimrc ($INCLUDE is in my path and it's the path of the C/C++ header file), but that doesn't work either.
with the help from VanLaser in the comments above,I eventually find out how to do that on Windows:
set path+=C:/Program\\\ Files\\\ (x86)/Microsoft\\\ Visual\\\ Studio\\\ 12.0/VC/include
set path+=C:/Program\\\ Files\\\ (x86)/Microsoft\\\ SDKs/Windows/v7.1A/Include
just add these two lines in my vimrc then it would work. Those two C:/xxxxx are my system %INCLUDE% path, where all the necessary C/C++ header files located. Note the different version of Visual Studio and change those two path correspondingly. Also note that those \\\ are necessary to escaped the space(see :h 'complete' (not :h complete()) for more information).
Also, make sure that option i is in your complete options(use set complete? to see, and the default is complete=.,w,b,u,t,i. See :h 'complete')
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If you don't like the triple slashes you could also do
let &path = path . ',C:/Program Files (x86)...,C:/...', using a single quoted literal string after aletwith string concatenation. The two C: bits are your two paths and there's a comma separating each path including these from what's existing. Mar 1 '16 at 4:34
:set complete?? If there is noifor searching included files for autocompletion, addingset complete+=iin your_vimrcmight help. Does your problem happen with exactly the samevimrcfile on Linux and Windows? Also, do you by chance happen to use tpope's sensible.vim?behave mswin. But besides those operating-system related directives, all other are the same. And I am not usingsensible.vim. Have you ever had the same problem?$INCLUDE, and that path is not the path to the file, but to the include folder? An equivalent to Linux's/usr/includepath. Things should be OK when you can place cursor on a line such as#include <stdio.h>andgfcan open that file.