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If I save the result of :call mode() in a variable, how can I restore that mode later?

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    I doubt there is an API in particular for the exotic modes like operator pending. Maybe could give us more insight about what you try to achieve and get a more appropriate suggestion? Mar 26 at 15:58
  • @VivianDeSmedt I want to destroy a buffer, then create a new buffer exactly the same as it, in the same state Mar 26 at 17:23

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You can't set an arbitrary mode programmatically, or at least not with a dedicated function like :call setmode('n'), which doesn't exist.

What you can do, however, is…

  • start insert mode with :help :startinsert,
  • start replace mode with :help :startreplace,
  • like the two methods above, but switch to another mode from insert or replace mode,
  • execute a normal mode command with :help :normal, which should leave you in normal mode,
  • same as above but execute a normal mode command that switches to another mode, like v for visual mode,
  • and other similar kinds of tricks…

See :help mode-switching.

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