<C-r>/
inserts a special register "/
(the last search string) at the actual position in the command line. Type :register
and you'll see all registers with their content. There is no register for the subtitute-text.
Register are AFAIK the only way to keep such informations.
You could write a vim function, that extracts the replacement part of the substition command stored in register ":
with a regular expression. You could bind that function to a key. But that only works as long as you do not enter another command, which would overwrite the ":
register.
Another idea: You have to type foo, bar and baz at least once, you could instead search for them in the text, highlight them with v
and yank them into a separate register:
\foo<CR>vll"ay
\bar<CR>vll"by
\baz<CR>vll"cy
Now you can use the registers as long as you want (as you don't overwrite them).
:%s/<C-r>a/<C-r>b/g
:%s/<C-r>b/<C-r>c/g
:%s/<C-r>c/qux/g